It is divided into two major sections Markup and Controller
Markup consists of VF Tags , HTML and Javascript
Controller are of two types : Standard and Custom Controller
Extensions: Extension is being used with Standard Controller , In order to add the additional functionality to the Standard Controller .
Controllers: Standard Controller and Custom Controller
Standard Controller: It inherits the standard look and feel and functionality of the salesforce
Custom Controller: It allows you to configure entire VF page as per the requirement.